This workshop will review the results of two major NHLBI clinical studies on transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). The first is a multi-year prospective study of TRALI incidence, epidemiological correlates, and laboratory findings conducted at the U. California, San Francisco, and Mayo Clinic. The second is a retrospective look-back study of recipients of HLA antibody-positive blood components (the LAPS-II study) conducted as part of REDS-II. The third talk will assess the newest information on the effectiveness of TRALI risk reduction strategies from surveillance systems in North America and in European countries.